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计算机技能
There is no denying that students should learn something about how computers work, just as we expect them at least to understand that the internal combustion engine(内燃机) has something to do with burning fuel, expanding gases and pistons (活塞) being driven. For people should have some basic idea of how the things that they use do what they do. Further, students might be helped by a course that considers the computer's impact on society. But that is not what is meant by computer literacy. For computer literacy is not a form of literacy(读写能力);it is a trade skill that should not be taught as a liberal art.
Learning how to use a computer and learning how to program one are two distinct activities, A case might be made that the competent citizens of tomorrow should free themselves from their fear of computers. But this is quite different from saying that all ought to know how to program one. Leave that to people who have c hosen programming as a career. While programming can be lots of fun, and while our society needs some people who are experts at it, the same is true of auto repair and violin making.
Learning how to use a computer is not that difficult, and it gets easier all the time as programs become more“user?friendly”. Let us assume that in the future everyone is going to have to know how to use a computer to be a competent citizen. What does the phrase “learning to use a computer”mean? It sounds like “learning to drive a car”, that is, it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer.
In fact,“learning to use a computer”is much more like“learning to play a game”, but learning the rules of one game may not help you play a second game, whose rules may not be the same. There is no such a thing as teaching someone how to use a computer. One can only teach people to use this or that program and generally that is easily accomplished.
这是篇议论文，主要讨论了掌握计算机技能的问题。
1. To be the competent citizens of tomorrow, people should _______.
A) try to lay a solid foundation in computer science
B) be aware of how the things that they use do what they do
C) learn to use a computer by acquiring a certain set of skills
D) understand that programming a computer is more essential than repairing a car
2. In the second paragraph “violin?making”is mentioned to show that _______ .
A) programming a computer is as interesting as making a violin
B) our society needs experts in different fields
C) violin making requires as much skill as computer programming
D) people who can use a computer don't necessarily have to know computer program-ming
3. Learning to use a computer is getting easier all the time because _______ .
A) programs are becoming less complicated
B) programs are designed to be convenient to users
C) programming is becoming easier and easier
D) programs are becoming readily available to computer users
4. According to the author,the phrase“learning to use a computer”(Lines3,4,Para.3)means learning _______.
A) a set of rules B) the fundamentals of computer science
C) specific programs D) general principles of programming
5. The author's purpose in writing this passage is _______.
A) to stress the impact of the computer on society
B) to explain the concept of computer literacy
C) to illustrate the requirements for being competent citizens of tomorrow
D) to emphasize that computer programming is an interesting and challenging job
参考答案及解析
1、[答案及分析]：[C]是文章第2段的意思：学习使用计算机并非学习编制计算机程序。必须使得将来的合格的公民对学习计算机不再有畏惧感。这并不是要求人们都应该懂得如何编程，那是以编制序为职业的人的事。
2、[答案及分析]：[D]第2段的意思是：尽管编制程序可能很有趣味，尽管社会需要有人精通编程，如同需要有人精通修理汽车和制造小提琴。但是，学习计算机并非要求大家都学会编程，正如我们只需会开车就行，不必懂得修理汽车;只需会使用小提琴，而不必了解如何制作小提琴。故而D项正确。
3、[答案及分析]：[B]依据为第3段第1句话。
4、[答案及分析]：[C]该题具有一定难度，关键在于对第3段最后两句话的正确理解：何谓“学习使用计算机”?“学习使用计算机”听起来(sound like)跟“学习开车”一样，似乎(as if)只要掌握了一些确定的技巧就能学会使用它。在第4段，作者又说：其实(in fact)，“学习使用计算机”更像“学习玩游戏”，掌握了一种游戏的规则并不能使你会玩另一种游戏，因为两种游戏的规则不同……。只能教一个人使用这种或那种程序，而这一般都能比较容易地做到。
5、[答案及分析]：[B]主旨题。文章的主旨应能恰如其分地概括文中所阐述的内容，面不能太窄，即：不足以概括全部内容;但是面也不能太宽，即：包含了文中没有阐述的内容。根据这一原则，只有B项才能概括全文要说明的问题。A、C、D都是作者在讨论computer literacy这一问题时所涉及的几个方面，而并非中心内容，故可排除。
如何查看国际航班安全
Checking International Airline's Safety
You can check fares, fees and flight schedules for just about any airline in the world with a few keystrokes or a single phone call. But checking the safety of an international airline is a much more complicated task.
European and US regulators evaluate aviation safety, and the airline industry itself has a world-wide safety-audit program, but it's difficult for travelers to check airline safety when buying tickets. There's no restaurant-inspector's score posted on the airplane door or government crash-test star rating printed on your ticket.
That's unfortunate, since interest in airline safety is high. It's been a bad year for aviation fatalities, with more than 700 people killed in 16 crashes around the world so far in 2009. Many involved little-known airlines---some already on watch lists for safety concerns.
"There's no perfect solution at the moment, but it's undoubtedly getting better," said Geoff Want, principal adviser on airline safety at Rio Tinto Group, a global mining company that has its own list of carriers approved for employee travel.
Government regulators in Europe and the US take different approaches to aviation safety.
The European Union evaluates airlines and their planes and publishes a "blacklist" of unacceptable carriers, most recently updated just two weeks ago. The EU blacklist is available on the Internet at ec.europa.eu/transport/(click on "Air," then "List of airlines banned within the EU")
Be prepared, it's long and complex: 233 airlines are completely banned, and eight are allowed to operate under restrictions and conditions. Though its focus started as an airline-by-airline evaluation, the EU has moved more toward building the blacklist on evaluations of entire countries -all airlines from 15 countries have a blanket ban from the EU and are among the 233 cited.
The US Federal Aviation Administration evaluates countries, not carriers. US inspectors decide if a country's aviation infrastructure is up to snuff by counting the number of inspectors watching over airlines, assessing air-traffic-control procedures and evaluating funding and legal authority of aviation regulators. The FAA evaluation is based largely on standards set by the International Civil Aviation Organization, a United Nations-chartered group. (US airlines are required to meet or exceed international safety standards.)
The FAA says 101 countries have been assessed; 79 have Category 1 status, meaning the US believes the country meets international standards, and 22 fall into Category 2. Category 2 doesn't mean airlines from that country are banned, only that any new service and airline passenger-sharing ties are frozen. That can have economic impact on a country and its airlines, and the threat of a Category 2 downgrade can prompt improvement.
An FAA spokeswoman says its International Aviation Safety Assessments list, available atwww.faa.gov/about/initiatives/iasa. is "one tool a consumer can use to decide on air travel."
There's surprisingly little overlap between the FAA and EU lists. Airlines from Angola, Benin, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Liberia, Gabon, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Afghanistan, Cambodia, Rwanda and Zambia are banned on the EU blacklist, but those countries aren't evaluated at all by the FAA. B0th EU and US regulators share concerns on Congo, Indonesia and Swaziland. The FAA rates Zimbabwe, Israel, the Philippines, Serbia and Montenegro plus several Latin American and Caribbean nations, including Belize, Haiti, Honduras and Nicaragua, in Category 2, but not the EU.
The airline industry has come up with its own list of sorts, and it can be useful to travelers. The International Air Transport Association (IATA), the industry's world-wide trade group, began working on a standard auditing regimen nine years ago, and it has evolved into an extensive safety check now required of all airlines to be a member of IATA. Passing the audit became mandatory for membership earlier this year; 21 airlines didn't and were removed.
IATA says 330 airlines around the world have passed its audit. Of those, 230 are IATA members-another 100 airlines wanted to be certified even if not IATA members. US and EU regulators accept IOSA certification to meet requirements that airlines funneling passengers to each other through code-sharing agreements audit each other for safety issues. And a few countries -Egypt is one -require IOSA certifìcation for any airline flying there. The list is available atwww.iata.org/iosa.
如何查看国际航班安全
如果你想查看世界上任何航空公司的票价、收费以及航班安排，只需点击几下鼠标或者打个电话就行。但是，如果你想知道某个国际航空公司的安全系数，那可要复杂得多。
欧洲和美国的监管机构都会评估航空公司的安全性，航空业本身也有一套全球安全审查系统，但是，旅客在购买机票的时候很难了解到航空公司的安全性。机舱门口可没有贴着类似餐馆检验机构评分的东西，旅客的机票上也没有印着政府失事概率测试的星级评级。
这是一个很不幸的事实，因为大众对航空公司安全性的关注度非常高。2009年是航空灾难记录非常糟糕的一年，全球共发生飞机失事事故16起，超过700人死亡。许多事故都与名不见经传的航空公司有关，其中一些因其安全顾虑已经被列入观察名单。
矿业公司力拓集团负责航空安全的主管顾问杰夫·华恩特表示，目前还没有完美的解决办法，但是情况无疑正在好转。力拓集团有一份航空公司名单，员工旅行只选择这个名单上航空公司的航班。
欧洲和美国的政府监管部门对航空安全则采取了不同的方式。
欧盟会对航空公司及其机队进行评估，并会发布一个不合格的航空公司的"黑名单"，就在两周前刚刚更新过一次。欧盟的黑名单可以通过互联网在ec.europa.eu/transport/上查到(点击“航空”，接着就是“欧盟禁飞的航空公司名单”)。
不过要有心理准备，这个名单很长，也很复杂：共有233家航空公司被完全禁飞，八家航空公司被允许在某些限制和条件下飞行。虽然欧盟的关注点开始是对航空公司逐个进行评估，但是欧盟近来已经更多地通过对整个国家的评估来构建黑名单一→其中有15个国家的所有航空公司收到的都是欧盟的全面禁令，它们也在上述233家航空公司之列。
美国航空管理局评估的对象是各个国家、而不是航空公司。美国监管机构通过计算航空业监管机构配备的人员数量、评估航空运输量的控制流程以及航空监管机构的融资和法律权限，来决定一个国家的航空业是否会进入“黑名单”。美国联邦航空管理局的评估大多数基于联合国下属专门机构国际民用航空组织制定的标准(美国航空公司必须达到或者超过国际安全标准)。
美国航空管理局表示，已经对101个国家进行了评估179个国家为一类，表示美国认为这些国家已经达到国际安全标准;22个国家为二类。二类并不表示来自这些国家的航空公司会被禁飞，只是说明任何新服务和航空公司乘客分享关系将被冻结。这会对一个国家及其航空公司产生经济影响，而二类国家会面临降级的威胁，这可以促使航空公司改善其安全性。
美国航空管理局一位发言人表示，其国际航空安全评估名单可以在www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/iasa上找到，这是“消费者可以用来决定航空旅行选择的一个工具”。
出人意料的是，美国航空管理局和欧盟的名单很少有重合。来自安哥拉、贝宁、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯、利比亚、加莲、塞拉利昂、苏丹、阿富汗、柬埔寨、卢旺达和赞比亚的航空公司都在欧盟禁飞名单之上，但是这些国家甚至都没有被美国航空管理局评估过。欧盟和美国的监管机构都对刚果、印度尼西亚和史瓦济兰的航空公司表示顾虑。美国航空管理局将赞比亚、以色列、菲律宾、塞尔维亚和黑山，还有几个拉美和加勒比海国家，包括伯利兹、海地、洪都拉斯和尼加拉瓜，列为二类国家，但是欧盟并未对国家有类似的评级。
航空业也有自己林林总总的名单，可能会对旅客有所帮助。航空业的全球行业团体国际航空运输协会(International Air Transport Association，简称IATA)早在9年前就开始着手安全标准审查工作，现在已经演变为一个覆盖范围很大的安全检查体系，凡是IATA的成员航空公司都要遵照执行。今年年初，通过安全标准审查已经是IATA成员的必备条件;有21家没有通过安全标准审查的航空公司已被除名。
IATA表示，全球有330家航空公司已经通过其安全标准审查。其中230家为IATA成员，另外 100家航空公司在即便还不是IATA成员的情况下也希望获得认证。美国和欧盟的监管机构均接受IOSA认证，满足通过代码共享协议互相提供客源的航空公司必须就安全问题互相审查的要求。有少数几个国家——包括埃及，要求任何飞往该国的航空公司均要通过IOSA认证。旅客可以在www.iata.org/iosa找到相关名单。
本句是分别由and和but连接的三个简单句。最后一句中buying tickets现在分词作状语表示时间，前面可以加when或while。
语法重点：分词短语作状语
2. It's been a bad year for aviation fatalities, with more than 700 people killed in 16 crashes around the world so far in 2009.
本句是一个简单句。其中 with more...in 2009是独立主格结构，对主句进行补充说明，结构为 with+名词+过去分词+状语。
语法重点：独立主格结构
3. Though its focus started as an airline-by-airline evaluation, the EU has moved more toward building the blacklist on evaluations of entire countries-all airlines from 15 countries have a blanket ban行om the EU and are among the 233 cited.
本句是一个复合句。主句是the EU...are among the 233 cited，破折号后面的句子是对前面句子的补克说明，其中from 15 countries介词短语作后置定语，修饰airlines。 cited过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰233。Though引导让步状语从句。
语法重点：介词短语作定语，过去分词作定语，让步状语从句
4. US and EU regulators accept IOSA certification to meet requirements that airlines funneling passengers to each other through code-sharing agreements audit each other for safety issues.
本句是一个复合句。主句是US and EU...meet requirements. that引导同位语从句，解释说明requirements.其中funneling passengers...code-sharing agreement现在分词短语作后置定语修饰airlines.
语法重点：同位语从句，分词短语作定语
1. European and US regulators evaluate aviation safety, and the airline industry itself has a world-wide safety-audit program, but it's difficult tor travelers to check airline safety when buying tickets.
本句是分别由and和but连接的三个简单句。最后一句中buying tickets现在分词作状语表示时间，前面可以加when或while。
语法重点：分词短语作状语
2. It's been a bad year for aviation fatalities, with more than 700 people killed in 16 crashes around the world so far in 2009.
本句是一个简单句。其中 with more...in 2009是独立主格结构，对主句进行补充说明，结构为 with+名词+过去分词+状语。
语法重点：独立主格结构
3. Though its focus started as an airline-by-airline evaluation, the EU has moved more toward building the blacklist on evaluations of entire countries-all airlines from 15 countries have a blanket ban行om the EU and are among the 233 cited.
本句是一个复合句。主句是the EU...are among the 233 cited，破折号后面的句子是对前面句子的补克说明，其中from 15 countries介词短语作后置定语，修饰airlines。 cited过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰233。Though引导让步状语从句。
语法重点：介词短语作定语，过去分词作定语，让步状语从句
4. US and EU regulators accept IOSA certification to meet requirements that airlines funneling passengers to each other through code-sharing agreements audit each other for safety issues.
本句是一个复合句。主句是US and EU...meet requirements. that引导同位语从句，解释说明requirements.其中funneling passengers...code-sharing agreement现在分词短语作后置定语修饰airlines.
语法重点：同位语从句，分词短语作定语
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