37、Questions 37-46 are based on the following passage.
What is it about Americans and food? We love to eat, but we feel 36 __ about it afterward. We say we want only the best, but we strangely enjoy junk food. We' re(37) __ with health and weight loss but face an unprecedented epidemic of obesity. Perhaps the (38) __ to this ambivalence lies in our history. The first Europeans came to this continent searching for new spices but went in vain. The first cash crop wasn't eaten but smoked. Then there was Prohibition, intended to prohibit drinking but actually encouraging more (39) __ ways of doing it.
The immigrant experience, too, has been one of in harmony. Do as Romans do means eating what" real Americans" eat, but our nation's food has come to be(40) __ by imports--pizza, say, or hot dogs. And some of the country's most treasured cooking comes from people who arrived here in shackles.
Perhaps it should come as no surprise then that food has been a medium for the nation's defining struggles, whether at the Boston Tea Party or the sit-ins at southern lunch counters. It is integral to our concepts of health and even morality whether one refrains from alcohol for religious reasons or evades meat for political(41) __
But strong opinions have not brought(42) __. Americans are ambivalent about what they put in their mouths. We have become43of our foods, especially as we learn more about what they contain.
The(44) __ in food is still prosperous in the American consciousness. It's no coincidence, then, that the first Thanksgiving holds the American imagination in such bondage( 束缚 ). It's what we eat--and how we(45) __ it with friends.
A. answer
B. results
C.share
D.guilty
E.constant
F.defined
G.vanish
H.adapted
I.creative
J.belief
K.suspicious
L.certainty
M.obsessed
N.identify
O.ideals
第(36)题应填__________
第(37)题应填__________
第(38)题应填__________
第(39)题应填__________
第(40)题应填__________
第(41)题应填__________
第(42)题应填__________
第(43)题应填__________
第(44)题应填__________
第(45)题应填__________
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
47、47-56
Ancient Egyptian Sculpture
A) In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians' view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms.
B ) In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questions has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art.
C) The majority of three-dimensional representations, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning. When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is, however, directly related to the functions of Egyptian statuary and the contexts in which the statues were set up. Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead. They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient.
D) Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.
E) Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal. Stone statues were worked from single rectangular blocks of material and retained the compactness of the original shape.. The stone between the arms and the body and between the legs in standing figures or the legs and the seat in seated ones was not normally cut away. From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psycho- logically gives the images a sense of strength and power, usually enhanced by a supporting back pillar. By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process.
F) The arms could be held away from the body and carry separate items in their hands; there is no back pillar. The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone, but because both perform the same function, formal wooden and metal statues still display frontality.
G) Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the non-elite population. The function of these is quite different. Many are made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife. Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.
H) It is suggested that one choose something to read about the archaeology before he goes to carry on the research. It is interesting that many try to understand the old things in their own perspective. One tends to consider that the big bowl is for the ancient male and the small one for the female because that is basically the case in the world now. However, in most of the ancient time, female individuals use the bigger one instead of their husbands because there used to be a period--or there is in some remote are-as-when the mother enjoys a greater respect over the father. That is very different from today's situation.
I) No one is sure of the reason for setting the statues into the tomb. The first group thinks that the servants taking the forms of the statues would still be with those who died there, in the afterlife. There come the same cases in other Asian countries including China, Japan and India. And there may be something more horrific. In the ancient China, nobles seldom died lonely since shortly after their death, their emperors would choose some children to follow them. And this is said to set up a group of servants who would make service for the dead. However, the second group counters this opinion by saying that this may be a way to reserve the love from the living family members and from other friends. When laid in the tomb, the servants could represent those who love the dead and still be with them.
Without certain knowledge we will fail to understand why the sculpture was produced.
48、 There are the same cases in other Asian countries including China, Japan and India.
49、 The Egyptians did not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary.
50、 It is suggested that one choose something to read about the archaeology before he goes to carry on the research.
51、 The majority of three-dimensional representations exhibit what is called frontality.
52、 Something is made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife.
53、 The frontality of the statues worked perfectly within the architectural context.
54、 The arms could be separated from the body and carry separate items in their hands.
55、 The ancient Egyptian statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal.
56、 The wooden statue is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone.