Section C Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D ). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
57、Questions 57-66are based on the following passage.
Is your doctor telling you the truth? Possibly not, according to a new survey in Health Affairs of nearly 1,900 physicians around the country.
The researchers found that 55% of doctors said that in the last year they had been more positive about a patient's prognosis than his medical history warranted. And 10% said they had told patients something that wasn't true.
About a third of the MDs said they did not completely agree that they should disclose medical errors to patients, and 40% said they didn't feel the need to disclose financial ties to drug or device companies.
Really? The study's lead author, Dr. Lisa Iezzoni, a professor medicine at Harvard Medical School and director of the Mongan Institute for Health Policy at Massachusetts General Hospital, was surprised to learn how mendacious her colleagues were. "Some of the numbers were larger than I expected they might be,"she says.
Why the white lies? In some cases, Iezzoni says it was for self-protection. Nearly 20% of the doctors admitted that they didn't disclose a medical error to their patients because they were afraid of being sued for malpractice.
In other cases, it may have been for the patient's benefit. MDs might spare an anxious patient from hearing about the slightly abnormal results of a lab test, for example, if it has no impact on the patient's health. Conversely, the doctor might exaggerate a health result in hopes of motivating a patient to take better care of himself.
"The doctor-patient relationship is a human interaction, and physicians are human too," says Iezzoni.
"They don't want to upset their patients, they don't want their patients to look unhappy or burst into tears.
But they also need to be professionals, so they need to tell themselves that if there is a difficult truth they need to tell their patient, they need to figure out a way of communicating that effectively. "
That's critical for doctors to appreciate, because as well-intentioned as their fibs may be, other studies consistently show that patients prefer the truth, and would rather hear harsh news than remain ignorant about a dire medical condition. Being fully informed is a way that patients can cope and prepare for whatever might occur.
As for the failure to disclose medical errors, Iezzoni says doctors' fear of malpractice suits may often be misplaced. Studies suggest that in cases where physicians are open about their mistakes, patients are more likely to be understanding and refrain from suing.
So how can doctors learn to be more honest with their patients? More training about how to communi cate with people about their health is critical--especially when it comes to delivering bad news. Patients al-
so need to be clear and firm about how honest they want their doctors to be. Communication is a two-way street, after all, even in the doctor's office.
According to the new survey in Health Affairs, about two fifths of the doctors
A.were more positive on predicting the patients' disease
B.admitted to telling lies to their patients
C.were unwilling to reveal malpractice to patients
D.felt unnecessary to reveal the economic relation with drug companies
58、 According to the passage, why do the doctors tell the white lies?
A.Because they want to defend themselves.
B.Because want to keep the patients nervous.
C.Because they are ignorant about the patients' situations.
D.Because they want the patients to spend more money.
59、 What is the result of other studies on patients' attitude towards truth?
A.They want to know the truth instead of lies.
B.They prefer those lies which intend to be kind.
C.They would rather remain uninformed about bad news.
D.They feel it unimportant whether to tell the truth or not.
60、 According to studies, which of the following might be the reaction of patients if their doctors disclose their medical errors?
A.Losing confidence in them.
B.Expressing understanding.
C.Becoming worried.
D.Accusing them of malpractice.
61、 What's the main topic of the passage?
A.The honesty of your doctor.
B.The doctor-patient relationship.
C.The training in communication.
D.The reasons for telling white lies.
62、Questions62-71are based on the following passage.
The latest research delves into a relatively unexplored area of the parent-child dynamic: how mothers'friendships affect their adolescent kids' same-sex friendships and overall well-being.The study, to be published in the Journal of Research on Adolescence, examined whether the positive or negative qualities of mothers' friendships ( not enough fathers agreed to participate) had an effect on their adolescent kids' friendships.The investigators accomplished this by giving school kids in fifth, eighth and eleventh grades and their mothers questionnaires that explored the quality of their most important friendships.They also gave the parents and kids tests of emotional health.When mothers reported high levels of negative quality with a good friend (such as getting on each others' nerves, getting upset or mad at each other often), kids were likely to report similar verbal antagonism and heated arguments with a close friend.
So could morns be good role models for their children by having more positive connections with their friends? Unfortunately, no.The study's lead author Gary Glick, a doctoral candidate in psychological sciences at the University of Missouri, says the team did not find a strong link between mothers' positive friendship qualities and those of their teens."Maybe," Glick says, "kids are more likely to notice adults screaming at each other."
The fact that adolescents' friendships mimic those of a parent, is not surprising, given that development is about learning and imitating behaviors."Adolescents," says clinical psychologist Joshua Klapow, "are in the midst of forming their internal templates for social norms and therefore parental role models are critical.
In fact, watching adolescents interact with their peers often is a mirror of how parents interact with their own peers." But the fact that the mothers' positive friendships did not seem to filter down to their children's own relationships could simply be the result of the artificial way the relationships were defined in the study.Dr.Gayani DeSilva, a child and adolescent psychiatrist at St.Joseph's Hospital in Orange, CA, notes that
friendships are often a complicated mix of positive and negative interactions.The study authors, he says,
"The more helpful and developmentally appropriate perspective would be to examine how teens are influenced by parental conflict resolution patterns within their friendships."
In fact, Carleton Kendrick, a family therapist and author of " Take Out Your Nose Ring, Honey.
We're Going to Grandma's, " says he has observed the opposite effect over 40 years of working with families.
Kendrick says that the study, which is "a snapshot in time," does not consider enough variables in the teens' and parents' lives and that it does not adequately examine other possible reactions that adolescents might have to their mothers' problems with friends."Over and over I have heard kids of all ages tell me privately, in confidence," Kendrick says, "that they are seriously worried about their parents on many levels." And conflicts with family and friends were among these worries.
Such internalizing of their parents' conflicts could have more profound implications for adolescents beyond just the types of interactions they have with their own friends.In the study, mothers with high levels of negativity in their friendships were also likelier to have kids who were more anxious and depressed than those with more positive interactions with their friends.And this, says Glick, was independent of whether the mothers were anxious and depressed themselves.
However children are interpreting and responding to their parents' choices when it comes to friend- ships, the study suggests that these decisions could have a greater effect on understanding teen friendships and fostering them in a healthy way than previously thought.
The research led by Gary Glick __
A.proves that children mimic parents' behavior, good or bad
B.is a new area of research that has never been dealt with before
C.received less support from fathers than from mothers
D.used questionnaires about interviewees' negative friendship qualities
63、 What is the finding of the research led by Gary Glick,9
A.Mothers' friendships with their kids influence their adolescent children's relationships with pals.
B.Friendships are often a complicated mix of positive and negative interactions.
C.Mothers with positive friendships Can serve as role models for their adolescents.
D.Bad examples of mothers have more influence on their children than good ones.
64、 What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
A.How to define basic concepts may have affected the results of the research.
B.Developments about studies of imitating behavior strengthen Glick's research result.
C.Studying influences of parental conflict resolution patterns will get optimum results.
D.Parents are critical to their children's social and emotional adjustment.
65、 What does Kendrick mean by saying the study is "a snapshot",9
A.The study has been completed quickly with room to improve.
B.The study is based on an isolated observation.
C.The study focused on too few people to draw firm conclusions.
D.The study is based on rough estimates and might not be very accurate.
66、 If mothers have negative experiences with their friends,
A.they are more likely to be anxious and depressed themselves
B.they are more likely to end up in incompatible friendships with their kids
C.their kids tend to exhibit more anxiety and depression
D.their kids tend to be worried about their parents