【中考英语】语法基础-4
非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。
Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用）
爬山是一项好运动。
Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. （wearing ... 分词起形容词作用）
你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗？
He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用）
他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。
谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别：
3) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。
Miss Mary teaches us English.
玛丽教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语）
Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.
维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。
（to have a talk.... 不定式作状语）
4) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。
Larke likes the pop music.
拉克喜欢流行音乐。
（动词用单数第三人称形式）
Larke has nothing to do today.
拉克今天没什么事要做。（do 用原形）
非谓语动词的特征：
3 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。
Studying English is my favorite.
学习英语是我的爱好。（studying 后跟宾语）
To help him is my duty.
帮助他是我的责任。（help 后跟宾语）
4 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。
Working under such a condition is terrible.
在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。
(under such a condition 是 working 的状语）
It's too difficult for him to master
English in such a short time.
他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。
（for him 作不定式的逻辑主语）
5 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.
对不起让你久等了。
（to have kept...是不定式的完成形式）
Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.
从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。
（Seen from...是分词的被动形式）
6 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。
Our coming made him happy.
我们的到来使他很高兴。（coming 起名词作用）
There are two big swimming pools here.
这儿有两个大型游泳池。
(swimming 起形容词作用）
非谓语动词的形式变化：
不 定 式主动 被 动
一般to write to be written
进行to be writing /
完成to have written to have been written
完成进行to have been writing/
现在分词主动被 动
一般 writingbeing written
完成 having written having been written
过去分词一般 written
动 名 词主动被 动
一般writingbeing written
完成having written having been written
分 词
分词是由动词 +ing 或 动词 + ed 构成，它在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可以作定语，表语，状语。
working workedwashing washed
分词可分为现在分词和过去分词两种，现在分词的形式同动名词一样，在动词后面加 ing 。 而过去分词的形式则在动词后面加 ed. 分词在句中可作定语，状语或表语。
分词作定语
China is a developing country.
中国是一个发展中国家。
That's an interesting story.
这是一个有趣的故事。
The girl singing for us is ten years old.
给我们唱歌的女孩十岁了。
作定语的分词要放在被修饰的名词之前，如果是分词词组则放在被修饰的名词之后， 如被修饰的名词是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等，分词放在被修饰名词的后面。
The working people have played a great role in the activity.
工人在这次活动中起主要作用。
The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately.
被汽车撞伤的小孩马上被送到了医院。
There is nothing interesting.
没什么有趣的事。
分词和动名词都可以作定语，判断是分词还是动名词，可以根据它们和被修饰词有无逻辑上的主谓关系来判断， 有主谓关系的是分词， 否则判断为动名词。
a swimming girl 游泳的女孩。（分词）
a swimming pool 游泳的池子 （动名词）
分词作状语
Being a student, he likes to help others.
作为一个学生，他喜欢帮助别人。
Wearing a new pair of glasses, she can read easily.
戴了一副新眼镜，她看书就好多了。
She is there waiting for us.
她在那儿等我们呢。
Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong.
经老师一说，她知道自己不对。
分词作表语
The story is interesting .
故事有趣。
We are interested in computer.
我们对计算机感兴趣。
The glass is broken.
玻璃杯破了。
The water is boiled.
水是开的。
分词作宾语补足语
可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。
I saw him walking in the street.
我看见他在街上走。
I heard them singing in the classroom.
我听见他们在教室里唱歌。
We found the boy sleeping.
我们发现小孩睡着了。
have 后面的宾语补足语用过去分词常表示动作不是句子的主语发出的，而是由别人做的。
I have my hair cut.
我理发了。（是别人给我理发）
She has her bike repaired.
她把自行车修理了。（别人修理的）
They have their house rebuilt.
他们重修了房子。
分词的否定形式。not + 分词
Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait.
不知道下一步干什么，她停下来等着。
Not having finished the homework, the little girl doesn't dare to go to school.
小女孩没完成作业不敢去学校。
分词的时态
分词的一般时表示动作同谓语动词的动作同时发生或之前发生。
Seeing the teacher is coming, the students stopped playing.
看到老师进来，学生们停下来不玩了。
Coming into the room, he lied on his bed.
回到家后，他就躺在床上。
分词的完成时表示的动作在谓语动词的前面发生。
Having received a latter, I knew everything is all right.
收到一封信后，我知道一切都很好。
Having had my supper, I went out for a walk.
晚饭后，我出去散步了。
Having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky.
他知道自己比赛获胜，高兴地把帽子扔上了天。
分词的被动形式
分词的被动形式表示分词动作同所修饰的名词有一种被动关系。
The entertainment building being built will be completed next year.
正在建设的娱乐大楼明年完工。
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