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一、内容切题, 包括提纲的全部内容
自1991年研究生入学考试增加作文的考试项目以来, 每次作文都要求考生根据所提供的写作提纲完成一篇短文, 因此, 评分标准的第一项即要求内容切题, 包括提纲的全部内容, 实际上对于任何命题性作文来说, 内容切题都是一项最基本的要求。那么该如何达到这一要求呢? 我们认为考生应该从以下几个方面入手:
(1) 认真审题。根据题目类别, 弄清文体的要求, 并判明文章的种类( 议论文、说明文、记叙文), 同时确定文章要阐明的主题或要表达的中心思想, 若题目已经给提供了提纲, 还要注意弄清各提纲要点之间的逻辑关系。考生在拿到作文题后切勿唯恐时间不够, 提笔就写。 一旦写的内容偏离了题目的要求, 等到发现了再改就来不及了。我们平常所说的“磨刀不误砍柴功”就是这个道理。
(2) 注意安排设计段落。根据文章的中心思想, 确定各个段落的主题内容和主题句。如果是议论文, 一般要从论点的正反两个方面来考虑, 首先是某观点的合理成分或者某物的长处, 然后是该观点的不合理成分或者该物的短处, 最后阐明自己的观点。如果题目给提供了提纲, 只要把提纲扩展成主题句即可。
(3) 切忌将记忆里比较熟悉的句子生拉硬扯地弄进作文, 使作文结构松散, 意思不明确, 甚至会偏离主题。
二、表达清楚, 文字连贯
文章要做到表达清楚, 文字连贯, 文章各段落就必须根据提纲所确立的不同主题句来展开, 而且各段落的主题句将段落的各个部分凝聚在一起, 流利地表现出段落所要表现的思想, 使读者能够轻松地理解段落中各部分以及段落之间的联系。下面, 我们来看一篇93年考题的范文:
Advertisement on TV
Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen. Every evening a series of advertisements come immediately after the News Program is over, informing TV viewers of the many different sorts of up-to-date products on the market. Besides, it often happens that while you are absorbed in a wonderful film on TV, endless ads interrupt you from time to time and make you quite annoyed.
There are two reasons, I think, for the growing number of ads on TV. First, in a competitive economy, the consumer usually has the choice of several different brands of the same product. Thus, manufacturers are confronted with a problem how to keep sales high enough to stay in business. They solve this problem by advertising. Through advertising, each manufacturing company tries to convince consumers that its product is special. Second, most consumers are interested in ads. They wish to get from TV ads the first-hand information about new products, which enables them to choose the one that they like best. As a result, there is a sharp increase in ads on the TV screen.
Personally, I am in favour of TV ads because most of them are interesting and informative. But there is no denying that some of them are tedious and boring. So I feel TV stations are faced with an arduous task to strengthen the control of ads, to improve their quality and to make them more attractive.
(注: 该范文摘自朱泰祺编著《新编硕士研究生入学英语考试复习指导》一书)
在上面的作文中, 作者采用了明确的主题句, 而且每个段落都是紧紧围绕主题句写作而成, 另外, 作者还使用了明显的连接词, 例如第一段中的besides, 第二段的first, thus, second, as a result, 第三段中的but, so等等, 使得整个文章主题思想清楚, 文字浑然一体。
三、句式有变化
初学写作的同志, 由于对英语写作没有信心, 通常不敢大胆地使用自己已经掌握的语言基础知识, 包括英语句法知识。结果整篇文章都是以主语、谓语、宾语句式为主的简单句子, 文章因此显得刻板, 毫无生气。实际上, 同汉语一样, 英语的句子结构也是丰富多彩, 变化多样的, 同样的一个意义可以用多种句子结构来表达。例如: